Temperature range of Stainless Steel 304 Vs 316

Stainless steel has good strength and good corrosion resistance ability in higher temperature environments. The most searched SS grade is 304 and 316, due to the prominent features it offers to the applications. These grades are extensively used in many application ranges from moderate temperatures to high temperatures such as superheaters, heat exchangers, valves and other heating applications. However, their heat capacities differ from each other that vary its properties.

Temperature range of 304 grades:

SS 304 grade is from the 300 series of austenitic stainless steel modified with controlled carbon chemistry for increased strength up to 1500 deg F. UNS S30400 is a unified numbering system of 304 grades. Generally, it is the modified version of 18/8 chromium and nickel base austenitic alloy. The carbon content present on it about 0.04 % to 10 % that increases its strength above 800 deg F. It is the most cost-effective and versatile alloy suitable for a wide range of applications.

Stainless Steel 304 Tubes has good resistance to atmospheric corrosion and many organic and inorganic compounds in moderately oxidizing to severe reducing conditions. It has the highest chromium content that provides resistance to oxidizing agents such as nitric acids up to 176 deg F temperature.

This grade also opposes harsh organic acids like acetic acids. In addition to the nickel, it offers resistance to moderate reducing solutions like phosphoric acids even in the higher concentration too. This grade can offer service in caustic solutions free of chlorides at nominal temperatures.

The hot working temperature of this grade is between 1652 deg F to 2102 deg F, the same temperature is recommended for the hot working process. In order to acquire maximum corrosion resistance, this grade is subject to the annealing process and quenched with water.

A higher concentration of chlorides, it is susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion. The high molybdenum content is needed for the successful performance in the most severe conditions.  

Temperature range of 316 grades:

Alloy 316 (UNS S31600) /S31603) is chromium, nickel, and molybdenum austenitic stainless steel. It is designed for improved corrosion resistance in the high temperatures. These are often utilized in the process streams that contain halides and chlorides. In addition to molybdenum, its resistance ability to corrosion and pitting is enhanced. 316 grades provide excellent properties such as stress to rupture strength and tensile strength even in the hoisted temperatures. This grade is weldable with more standard techniques.

These are not corroded in process streams. SS 316 performs well in sulfur-containing environments such as that encountered in industries. This alloy can be utilized in higher concentrations at temperatures up to 120 deg F.

The working temperatures of this alloy are ranging from 1700 deg F to 2200 deg F. These are also subject to the hot working process at the same temperatures. The annealing process is performed at 1900 deg F to acquire higher corrosion resistance. These are also quenched with water.

So, these are the temperature ranges of stainless steel 304 and 316. Choose one as per your application suitability.

Phosphor Bronze: Its Properties and Characteristics

Phosphor Bronze, also known as tin bronze, is alloys made up of copper, tin and phosphorous and known for its strength, low coefficient of friction and toughness. The phosphor bronze contains between 0.5 and 11% tin and 0.01 to 0.35 % phosphorous. The addition of tin increases the resistance to corrosion and strength of the alloy. The phosphorous increases the resistance to wear and stiffness of the alloy. The phosphor bronze has superb spring qualities, resistance to high fatigue and corrosion, excellent formability and solderability. They are basically used for electrical products, corrosion resistant bellows, diaphragms, and spring washers. The phosphor bronze has to grades UNS C50100 through C54200. Leaded phosphor bronze combines good strength and resistance to fatigue, corrosion and wears along with good machinability.

Copper alone is not suitable for use in connectors because it is not elastic enough and loses its strength when held at the operating temperature of most electrical switchgear. Therefore Copper, in the form of an alloy has to be strengthened without unnecessary loss of electrical conductivity.

To remove oxygen Phosphorus is added to molten copper. The product of this deoxidation- Phosphorus pentoxide, is readily removed from the melt during the refining process. Any excess phosphorus goes into solution in the copper, where it provides some strengthening when the copper is cast and worked to a sheet. But phosphorus in solution reduces electrical conductivity dramatically. As little as 0.25% phosphorus will reduce conductivity to only 30% IACS, (International Annealed Copper Standard for the pure metal).  During the hot rolling stage of sheet production, too much phosphorus also causes problems. It is, therefore, a challenge, to maintain the amount of phosphorus at an optimal value to remove oxygen but keep it low enough to enable the material to be worked down to a sheet and still retain a relatively high electrical conductivity.

To strengthen the alloys Tin is added to conventional phosphor bronze. Like phosphorus, tin goes into solution in the molten copper and remains in solution in the solidified alloy. The maximum tin concentration that can be retained in solid solution is about 16%.

The tin content in this alloy determines the corrosion resistance and also gives it strength. Tin in solution produces two conflicting effects. Due to solid-solution strengthening, it increases the strength of the copper significantly. But the more the content of tin in solid solution the lower is the electrical conductivity. Fortunately, the effect of tin on electrical conductivity is less severe than in the case of phosphorus, and 1% of tin only reduces the conductivity to 60% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS). Again, there has to be a balance, which depends on the cost of the material and the properties required.  If the tin content is above 2.5% the alloy becomes too expensive to process; if the content of tin below 1.5% the alloy lacks strength and the ability to retain strength at its operating temperature.

Hence, conventional phosphor bronze is a compromise, with optimum additions of phosphorus and tin to give as high strength as possible coupled with a relatively high electrical conductivity.

Properties and Characteristics

• Strength and resilience – phosphor bronze is an alloy which is resistant to fatigue. It holds up exceptionally well to wear. The inclusion of tin is what gives Phosphor bronze its added strength.
• Corrosion resistance – phosphor bronze is typically used in applications where it will have exposure to corrosive chemicals and/or physical elements.
• Electrical conductivity – the use of Phosphor bronze in electrical components is perhaps its most well-known application.
• Excellent elasticity – the fine grain size of this alloy enables the material to have a greater degree of spring back.

Features and Uses of Stainless Steel 316 Round Bars

Stainless steel 316 round bars are also known as UNS S31600 grade bars. It is chromium, nickel and austenitic SS build to provide enhanced resistance in moderately corrosive environments. These are often used in process streams containing halides and chlorides. It has some amount of molybdenum improved general corrosion and chloride pitting resistance. These bars provide higher stress to rupture, tensile strength and higher creep strength at hoist temperature too. It's common practice for 316 grade to dual certified. It has a lower carbon composition with the addition of nitrogen enable to meet the mechanical properties.

Stainless steel 316 round bars resist atmospheric corrosion in moderately oxidizing and reducing environments. These bars also resist corrosion in polluted salty waters. This grade has outstanding resistance to intergranular corrosion in welded condition too. These possess excellent strength and down the toughness at cryogenic environments. When these are annealed becomes non-magnetic in nature. However, it becomes slightly magnetic in nature when these are cold worked or welded.

These are easily weldable and processed by standard shop fabrication process. In most applications, this alloy has superior corrosion resistance to other conventional grades. In the cyclic mild environments, these are not corroded. Once exclusion, it is highly oxidizing such as nitric acid where it contains molybdenum content. These bars perform well in sulfur-containing environments that are encountered in paper processing industries. Alloy 316 can be utilized in higher concentration temperature up to 38 degrees C. These have good resistance to pitting in acetic and phosphoric acids. These perform well in 20% boiling phosphoric acids.

This grade is non-toxic and bio-compatible makes it ideal for food and pharmaceutical process industries. It is utilized to handle fatty acids and hot organic acids that lower product contamination.

Stainless steel 316 round bars performs well in fresh water even that contain a high level of chlorides. The higher composition of molybdenum content makes it superior pitting resistance to traditional grades in the application, including chloride solutions, particularly in adverse environments. For instance, the corrosion resistance level will be roughly equal to reducing climates. However, in a mild environment, it has sufficient resistance that causes intergranular corrosion of welds in the heat affected zone that is due to its lower carbon amount.

SS round bars are formed with hot or cold forging methods. The hot working temperature ranges between 927 to 1204 degree C. To achieve maximum corrosion resistance it is annealed at 1038 degree C and rapidly quenched with water or air. These bars are quite ductile and form easily. The cold working method will enhance its hardness and strength. These are easily weldable by most standard process. Post-welding heat treatment is not required. 316 bars are subjected to work hardening during manufacturing that leads in chip breaking. The best machining results are gained by slower feeds, speeds, lubrication and powerful tool.

Fabricated stainless steel 316 round bars are undergone with several testing for the maximum factor of safety. Some of those are buckling or crushing test, destructive/nondestructive test, mechanical test and more.

A Complete Guide on WHEEL BRUSHES for Car Operators

We all have seen that when dust gets to sit on car wheel for an extended period of time, the entire coating gets eaten up and this pit the metal. In this case, wheel brushes which are a tool that consists of bristles made of supple and soft wire get used. Some brushes make use of steel wire that is very springy and hard with high carbon content. Modern brushes are held together using staples, bindings, and epoxy. This is either followed by plastic or wood handle so as to form the base for usage on pistol-grip motors, angle grinders, bench grinders, and power tools.

If you travel too much and frequently then your car might have experienced tear and wear, this could decrease the productivity of the wheel. This article is the essence of Wheel Brushes. You will get to know what are they exactly, how they work and what are the advantages of it. In addition to these, type of brushes is also enclosed in it. So, read it till the end and buy the one that suits your need the most.

What are wheel brushes exactly?

·         Wheel Brushes are detailed brushes also known as rim brushes with durable bristle loop along with extra scrubbing for deep cleaning. The soft and supple brush bristles offer a gentle and smooth cleaning. The scrubber is used to lifts caked present on the debris. They contain a non-slippery handle that facilitates beaded thumb rest. The handle contains a hole for hanging or easy storage. It also offers a secure grip. There are many wheel brushes with rubber bumpers that assist the prevention and protection of vehicle while the cleaning process gets executed.

Modern technology and machine tools have presented wheel brush with different bristle length (in), product depth (in) and handle length (in) and height (in), width (in) respectively. Car wash brushes can be designed on the automotive part type of vehicle. This helps in deciding the bristle stiffness, bristle material color, and cleaning tool type.

All the wheel brushes present in the market is offered with a certificate and warranty period so that in case anything goes wrong, the user can directly claim for it.

Additional information on Wheel brushes-

Wire wheel brushes have a diameter in various ranges. It is the most widely and renowned wheel brush in carbon steel family and it has customizable sizes. They are supplied in numerous sizes based on the work as well as the finishing type the user requires. It has been manufactured for a long time from the tempered wire as it can sustain longer compared to un-tempered wheel brushes. The arbor hole of wire brush can be adjusted based as per standard hole. In addition to this bore size can be customized.

It can be supplied in stainless steel wire, brass wire in various sizes in accordance with specifications and drawing. It has the following applications- removes paint, rust, corrosion, and offers a clean surface. There are a lot more applications of it.

Basic use of wheel brushes:

It is solely incorporated as abrasive equipment that gets used only for removing paint and cleaning rust. The sole idea to use a wheel brush is to clean the surface and helps in the creation of a conductive area so as to perfectly attach electrical connections. The electrical connections may include connectors, car battery posts that quickly build or accumulate dirt and grime.

It is recommended to use a stainless steel brush when cleaning the steel rim. This is due to the fact that carbon steel brush has the ability to contaminate and this can result in rust spot appearance. On the soft surfaces, brass bristle brushes are made use of. It is necessary to wash all the hard dust and dirt so that no marring gets occurred. The wheel brushes are also utilized under the supervision of a flammable environment so that non-sparking tool requirement exists.

Wheel brushes have an application such as cleaning teeth of rims, casting paint. The origin of brushes is believed to originate from the Romans.

How to select a wheel brush?

Give below is a list of things that would enable you to know how you can pick up a good and reliable brush.

Material- Cross contamination is considered one among the biggest and deadliest concerns. It is advisable to use a carbon steel brush when the wheel is made of steel. On the other hand, stainless steel can be used on steel surfaces. For example, if you make use of carbon brush instead of stainless steel which is required, then the rimmed steel starts contaminating as well as oxidizes so as to form rust.

It is recommended to use a color- code and fabricated brush so as to make sure you don't make use of the wrong kind of brush. There are color-codes that indicate whether the particular brush type is carbon or stainless steel type.

Brush diameter and shape- wheel brush works awesomely on cleaning between the passes. Confined spaces can be cleaned up easily. The holes and other things can be cleaned easily. A good wheel brush would have a near-perpendicular or direct contact with the wheel surface that avoids chances of failure. The wire arrangements are done in such a way that can easily flare. This enables no hindrance in cleaning efficiently. Flaring can be controlled because the designer has built the wheel brush in that way.

Wire diameter- if you want a brush that resists fatigue and is flexible then a wire with a diameter up to 0.014 inches is the best. On the other hand, if you want a stiffer wire brush then go with a brush with a 0.025-inch diameter.

Wire style- the market is full of different wire brush types. Knotted or twisted and crimp style Brushes are some of those. You can as per the application and usage chose from any of the two.

Trim length- for more aggressive action, a short wire brush can be used. It is because it keeps the wire around circumference and dust can be easily removed.

Online suppliers of the wheel brushes are the best example of great brushes. If you wish to buy a high geometrical brush with lots of features, then visit online.

Common Uses of Titanium Pipes & Fittings

There are different metals found in the earth crust that are considered useful not only for the industrial use but for commercial use as well. Among those metals, the chemical element titanium is classed as one of the transition metal that was discovered in the year 1791 by Reverend William Gregor. The metal was black magnetic sand that looked just like gunpowder in the stream of parish mannacan. Today, this magnetic metal is considered one of the useful metals for manufacturing products like pipes and fittings.

There are various characteristics that pure titanium metal has which makes it an ideal choice for manufacturers to manufacture titanium pipe fittings. The pure titanium is light, hard, silvery white and lustrous metal. The metal has various excellent properties and features like high tensile strength, corrosion and oxidation resistance and has a high strength to the weight ratio.

Uses of titanium pipes and fittings

Well, if we talk about the titanium pipes and fittings these fittings are known for their excellent features and properties. The metal is used as an alloying agent that includes metals like iron, aluminum, manganese, and molybdenum. The alloys of titanium metal are widely used in numerous applications and industries. The titanium pipes are used in the fertilizers industry, chemical processing industry, and food processing industry.

On the other hand, pipe fittings are used in different areas and applications as these hardware devices are important for connecting two pipes together. These titanium pipe fittings are used by numerous manufacturers that manufacture high and superior quality of pipes and fittings that can offer its best in any type of environment and temperature.

The pipe fittings have several features which makes them popular for a wide range of applications. The features include high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, resistance to oxidation and pitting cracking, weldability, formability and long service life. The manufacturers while manufacturing these pipe fittings make use of high-quality material that is purchased by the reputed market vendor. Every material is well inspected and tested by the inspection agencies in order to make sure that all the material is of high quality and will offer its best.

These titanium pipes and fittings are generally corrosion resistant, therefore; they can be easily used in high temperature and pressure without getting damaged. Titanium has different features and mechanical properties that do allow it to be used in a wide range of applications.

Testing and packaging

When these titanium pipes and fittings are manufactured they come across various tests and inspection that are mainly done in order to check the quality of titanium pipes and fittings. The tests include third-party inspection, pitting resistance test, positive material identification test, visual inspection and more. All these tests are done by the qualified inspection agencies that make all the tests are done keeping in mind the requirements of customers.

At last, these titanium pipes and fittings are packed in a high quality of packaging material so that they can be delivered to their respective areas of usage.

So, if you are ready to buy titanium pipes and fittings then buy it online.

Know the Importance of SS 304 pipes

We all know that stainless steel is considered the world’s most versatile material which has today become an indispensable part of a wide range of industries.  It mainly comprises of steel alloy and a certain amount of chromium content.  The addition of this content into the steel alloy offers high resistance to corrosion. Hence, this trait has made stainless steel popular in the industrial market.  Since, it has low maintenance, oxidation resistance it does not affect other material and metals when it comes in contact with them. There are several types and grades in which stainless steel is available and is widely used for making products like pipes.

Today, here in this article we will talk about the Stainless Steel 304 pipes and its importance in various industries. so let’s get in deep and know the importance of this popular grade in detail from the below-mentioned article.

About SS 304 pipes

Grade 304 is basically a standard “18/8” stainless steel that is considered the most versatile and widely used steel grade. This stainless steel grade is widely used in a comprehensive range of products, finishes, and forms. The grade has excellent welding and forming features which makes it suitable for manufacturing products like pipes. However, the balanced austenitic structure of this grade enables it to severely deep drawn without any intermediate annealing which in turn make this grade dominant for manufacturing pipes of high quality.

The grade can be rolled or broke into a wide variety of components and industrial applications. It has excellent welding features and post-weld annealing is not required when you are welding thin sections. The grade is mainly defined as chromium and nickel-based austenitic alloy and there are several manufacturers available offering a wide range of SS 304 pipes.

These pipes are considered important applications that are used for high-temperature services. The reputed manufacturers provide these 304 pipes of high quality to their customers while keeping their diverse range of demands and requirements. The pipes are available to customers in different shapes, sizes, and specifications. Furthermore, the pipes display fantastic corrosion resistance in a wide range of destructive situations.

These SS 304 pipes have several good features which make these SS 304 pipes important. The features offered include good dimensional accuracy, high tensile strength, anti-corrosive, rugged construction, weldability, durability and more. These pipes can even withstand high temperature and heavy load due to good surface finishing. The pipes even have good stress corrosion cracking, crevice and pitting corrosion resistance ability.

When these SS 304 pipes are manufactured international quality of the material is used that is well inspected by the quality inspectors. In addition to the raw material latest machines and advanced technologies are used for creating accurate shape and size of pipes. On the other hand, these pipes even come across various testing processes that help in checking the quality and performance of these pipes.

The pipes are then provided to customers with several documentations like QAP guarantee letter, raw material test report and more. Along with this SS 304 pipes are packed in pallets or wooden crates and delivered worldwide.

Carbon Steel and Types of Carbon Steel

WHAT IS CARBON STEEL?

Plain-carbon steel or Carbon Steel is a metal alloy. It’s a mixture of two components, iron and carbon. Other components are present in small quantities to have an effect on its properties. The only different components used in plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), and copper (0.60% max). Steel with low carbon content has similar properties as iron, soft but easily formed. With a lot of carbon, the metal gains hardness and strength but becomes less ductile and harder to weld. Higher carbon content lowers the steel's melting point and its temperature resistance gradually.

TYPES OF CARBON STEEL

• Mild (low carbon) steel: around 0.05% to 0.25% carbon content with up to 0.4% manganese content (for example AISI 1018 steel). Less solid yet modest and simple to shape; surface hardness can be expanded through carburizing
• Medium carbon steel: approximately 0.29% to 0.54% carbon content with 0.60 to 1.65% manganese content (e.g. AISI 1040 steel). Equalizations flexibility and quality and has nice wear opposition; utilized for expansive components, making and vehicle components.
• High carbon steel: around 0.55% to 0.95% carbon content with zero.30 to 0.90% metallic component content. Extremely solid, utilized for springs and high-quality wires.
• Very High carbon steel: around 0.96% to 2.1% carbon content, extraordinarily handled to create explicit nuclear and atomic microstructures.

Steel might be heat treated which enables parts to be made-up in an effectively formable delicate stage. If enough carbon is available, the combination will be solidified to broaden quality, wear, and effective resistance. Steels are generally framed by cool working ways, which is the molding of metal through deformation at a low balance or temperature.

HEAT TREATMENTS

The purpose of heat treating plain-carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, and impact resistance.