What is tensile strength of steel?

High Tensile Steel generally refers to as low alloy steel that can withstand at maximum strain without falling or breaking or getting deformed. It is having yield strength in the range of 50,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch. These steels are especially used for constructional works that require high yield, tensile and fatigue strength as well as great toughness when supplied to a quenching and tempering process. We buy metals for different purposes based on their properties and one of these properties is a tensile strength. To know more about this topic, read this article carefully.

Know the term tensile strength:

The word tensile strength is defined as the ability of the metals or any material which can withstand or survive before breaking or falling. It is the ability to stretch the metal and provide the stress without getting metal affected. In engineering terms, the tensile strength of a material is calculated by dividing the cross-section of tested metal by the stress placed on that material. It is generally measured in terms of tons per square inch or pounds of materials. It is an important measure of the material that is performed in applications and this measurement is widely performed when describing the properties of the metals and alloys.

Tensile strength is an engineering term and it is especially used in the field of mechanical engineering, structural engineering, and material science. Tensile strength mentions the point when material subjected to elastic to plastic deformation. In other words, tensile strength is used for testing of metal that will find how much a particular metal or alloy will elongate before hitting and how much load a particular material can bear before it loses structural integrity.

How to check tensile strength of steel?

The tensile strength of High Tensile Steel is varying according to the composition of alloying metals and it also depends upon varieties of grades. As like other properties like high strength, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, weldability, and machinability, it is also the important properties to measure before buying any kind of steel alloy product. It differs for different densities of steel.

Know the different types of tensile strength:

Yield strength: it is a kind of stress that is applied to the material and it can withstand without permanent deformation of shape and size. It is measured in tons per inch, pounds per square inch, or thousands per square per inch. The tensile strength of steel may also be express in MPA or megapascal.

Ultimate strength: it is the maximum strength that is applied to a metal so that it can withstand without breaking.

Breaking strength: it is the type of strength that works on the stress-strain curve at the time of rupture. It is also applied to check the loading capacity of the steel alloy or any other metal.

Tensile strength is applied to a variety of metals like alloys, ceramics, plastics, composite materials, plastics, and wood. There are many devices available in the market with the help of these devices; tensile strength of any alloy metals is easily measured without any hassle. High Tensile Steel applicable in various industrial applications.

Benefits of Using Alloy Steel Bars

As a highly important metal for industrial constructions and engineering, steel enjoys maximum popularity in the industrial arena. The various sectors and different project requirements create the demand for various types of steel.

Alloy Steel is lightweight in nature which makes it the perfect manufacturing material across industrial sectors. From automobile industries to equipment manufacturing plants, alloy steel proves to be useful in a number of industrial projects.

Let’s take a look at some of the highly significant benefits of investing in alloy steel bars.

1. High tensile strength

With High tensile strength and easy compressibility, alloy steel bars exceed their carbon-steel counterparts. It is generally smaller in size compared to carbon-steel and finds usage in a variety of projects.

2. Lightweight

Alloy steel f22 round bars are extremely lightweight in nature. Car or vehicle manufacturing units will reap the benefits of alloy steel as it has the power to create high-performance car wheels. Wheels made out of alloy steel are sturdy and lightweight at the same time. As the result, drivers find it easier to accelerate vehicles with wheels of alloy steel compared to other metals.

3. Powerful parts

While working with alloy steel round bars, you will not have to think before exerting pressure on it. With high strength and pressure-withstanding capabilities, high-quality alloy steels are much better options than the carbon-steel sheets or bars.

You can subject alloy steel parts to reversed and repeated loads, without having to think about its shape.

4. Usable at high temperatures

Heavy engineering industries often work on projects demanding heavy welding and pressure cutting. Needless to say, none other than top quality alloy steel bars will be able to fulfill the needs of such projects.

You can use these bars at exceptionally high temperatures and cutting pressures, thus creating the desired product.

5. Heat dissipation properties

Alloy steel bars possess a unique quality of dissipating heat uniformly. As the result, they offer high-resistance against wear and tear. It is this particular property of the metal that makes it one of the most preferred options in machine and equipment manufacturing plants.

6. Durable and tough

Compared to the other steel variants, alloy steel offers unmatchable durability and optimum strength. Whether it’s for auto parts or machine manufacturing, no other metal can match the versatility, cutting-edge features, and reliability of alloy steels.

Why Does Steel Rust- know the important reasons?

Steel, despite being the most a popular and common material that is used for manufacturing various products around the world has always one common flaw that it rusts. You might have seen the red or brown color flaky material on the old buildings; bridges have been in the open atmosphere for a long time. Steel is not considered the only metal that often gets rust. There are other things like a coin when kept in the open area for a long time gets rust. But, have you ever thought why does steel rust and why other metals won’t get corrosion resistant?   Well, if you are searching answer for this question then this article is for you.

The article entails you all the reasons for steel getting rust and what makes it corrosion resistant. So, continue reading the article and know why steel gets rust.

Why does steel rust?

Any type of material that is made with iron and is exposed to both water and oxygen gets rust. The reason for its rusting is steel is completely made with iron and it is the man-made manufactured material which is often subjected to rust. However, to know why it gets rust it is important for you to know a bit of chemistry and the periodic table. In the periodic table, after helium, those elements that are having 8 electrons in their outer shell will borrow electrons from other nearby elements so as to achieve the same level of electrons.

For instance, water is made with an oxygen atom that has 6 electrons in the outer shell and 2 atoms of hydrogen that has one electron each. While sharing and borrowing the electrons in the reduction reaction rust (FeO(OH) is created.

How rust is formed?

When steel rusts, it often goes through a chemical reaction which is known as corrosion resistant. In this process steel is exposed to water and air, various types of rusts are formed where the most common one is Fe2O3. Basically, rust often forms on the outside surface of any metal because it needs exposure to water and oxygen to get rust. If you ever find any old metal steel rod that is kept outside for a long time, try to scrub it you will get a brown or red powder and that is what rust.

How fast a metal like steel rusts?

Steel gets rust immediately when it is being exposed to air and moisture. But, how fast it rusts often depends on how much the metal is exposed to water and air. The chemical reaction that mainly causes metal like steel to corrode often it happens instantly but it takes time for one to notice it. Rust will affect the outer surface of the steel while slowly corroding the steel surface.

Steel is also considered as corrosion resistant steel that gets corrode when it is exposed to the outside atmospheric condition. The resistance in steel varies as per their type and in different forms. Hence, we can say that steel gets rust when it is exposed to water and air.

Difference Between Phosphorous Bronze and Silicon Bronze

Phosphorous Bronze

Phosphorous Bronze alloy usually has a tin content ranging from 0.5% to 1.0%, and a Phosphorous  content range of 0.01% to 0.35%. These alloys are noteworthy for their toughness, strength, low coefficient of friction, high fatigue resistance, and fine grain.  The tin content increases the corrosion resistance and tensile strength, while the Phosphorous content increases the wear resistance and stiffness. Some typical end uses for this product would be electrical products, bellows, springs, washers, corrosion-resistant equipment. 

Typical uses in following sectors:-

Architecture:-Bridge bearing plates

1. Fasteners:-Fasteners, cotter pins, lock washers
2. Industrial:-Bourdon tubes, bellows, perforated sheets, chemical hardware, truss wire, springs, sleeve bushing, diaphragms, clutch disks, pressure responsive elements, beater bar, textile machinery, welding rods
3. Electrical:-Resistance wire, fuse clips, electromechanical spring components, electrical flexing contact blades, electrical connectors, electronic connectors, wire brushes, switch parts, electronic and precision instrument parts.

Silicon Bronze

Silicon Bronze is an alloy that can cover both brass and bronze (red silicon brasses and red silicon bronzes). They typically contain 20% zinc and 6% silicon. Red brass has high strength and corrosion resistance and is commonly used for valve stems. Red bronze is very similar but it has lower concentrations of zinc. It is commonly used in the manufacturing of pump and valve components.

Typical uses in the following sectors:-

1. ELECTRICAL: conduit, pole line hardware, motor, rotor bars
2. FASTENERS: bolts, cable clamps, cap screws, machine screws, nuts, rivets, u bolts, fasteners, screws
3. INDUSTRIAL: oil refinery plumbing tube, heat exchanger tube, welding rod, hydraulic pressure lines
4. MARINE: hardware

Source: http://www.supermetalind.com

Application of Different Types of Bars

Steel bars have an unbelievably wide variety of uses for many different industries. A wide range of alloy composition types can comprise steel making it a very versatile material for use in producing alloy steel bars and stainless steel bars.

Steel bars are used in a variety of industries such as the cement industries, military equipment, shipbuilding, part machining processing, technology related, paper industries, and other types of architecturally related businesses. Steel bars applications depend on the type of bars needed and come in various sizes and shapes.

Application of different Types of Bars

Use steel flat bar types

Stainless Steel flat bars are used as brackets, base plates, braces, ornamental work, and other such uses. The steel bar distributors provide various thicknesses ranging from 1/8 inch by 1/2 inch to 3 inches by 6 inches.

Use of stainless steel round bars

Stainless steel round bars have one vital factor going for them: they are made from stainless steel. Stainless steel is corrosion resistant and the stainless steel which has higher alloy content is able to withstand the onslaught of acids, "chlorine bearing environments" as well as solutions containing alkaline. Because of this resistant, some of the uses of stainless steel bars are in machining, fasteners, grills, and construction.

Use the steel square bar

Steel square bars due to its shape are often used to manufacture other items. Furniture makers use square steel bars to make metal furniture; fasteners manufacturers use stainless steel square bars to manufacture bolts, nuts, screws and more. Steel square bars can be manufactured in various sizes as per client’s requirements.

Use hexagonal and channel steel bars

Hexagonal and channel steel bars have applications in the construction industry, and can also be sized according to the company's needs. Its application is more general-purpose. Channel steel bars, which come in shapes like I beams, H beams and C beams, are the backbones of buildings and ships and other structures. They are designed to hold weight.

Hastelloy and Incoloy: Fasteners for Oil Field Corrosion

Oilfields are exposed to a wide variety of corrosive elements including carbonic acids, sour gas (H2S), and hydraulic fracturing/stimulant acids such as hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid. Naphthenic acids and simple organic acids are also found in crude oil extraction. In addition to acids, these environments contain sand and other tough components which cause erosion and thereby speeding up corrosion via erosion-corrosion. Water flooding, elevated temperatures, and extreme pressures also contribute to this corrosive environment. Stainless steels such as 304 and 316 often cannot handle these extremely corrosive conditions and specialty nickel alloys are needed. In this blog, we will discuss the benefits of specialty alloy fasteners that are important to prevent oil field corrosion and minimize failures.

The Hastelloy family of nickel alloy is generally employed to prevent oil field corrosion. Hastelloy C276 bolting is used sour gas oil field situations and can be used to 8,000 psi H2S and 400°F.

Sulfur has been found to cause severe pitting and catastrophic cracking even among many nickel alloys. This is another example where Hastelloy C276 fasteners perform very well through their ability to prevent sulfur-induced stress cracking. This is particularly important for fasteners that perform critical applications as a relatively small amount of corrosion can cause fasteners to fail. C276 also provides excellent protection to carbonic acid, organic acid, and water-related corrosion. It is also resistant to CO2 related corrosion which can be common in wells.

Hydrochloric acid found in hydraulic fracturing and well stimulants is also another corrosive element where Hastelloy can be useful. Hastelloy C276 bolts are resistant to all concentrations of hydrochloric acid at room temperature and can be employed successfully up to about 120°F. For more extreme temperatures and concentrations of HCl, materials like Hastelloy C2000 and tantalum should be used.

Incoloy 825 and 925 are common choices for sour gas well corrosion protection even at elevated temperatures. Incoloy 825 provides excellent resistance to sour gas with Incoloy 925 bolts being ideal when a combination of high strength and corrosion resistance is needed. The high strength (167.3 ksi tensile strength) of Incoloy 925 bolts are ideal for high-pressure processes often encountered downhole. Incoloy 925 bolts also help protect from chloride related corrosion that can occur as well.

The hydrofluoric acid used in hydraulic fracturing is one of the corrosive elements – even eating through solid tantalum which is inert to most all acids. To curb Hydrofluoric acid, we recommend using Monel 400 or Hastelloy C2000. These are among the very few materials that can handle this environment.

Brief on Steel Angle Bars

Steel angle is a form of structural steel having an 'L' shaped cross section and two legs. The legs could be equal or unequal and the angle maybe 45degree or 90 degrees. They are available in the market in varied dimensions with customized sizes. Different materials are used to make angles depending upon the properties desired in the finished product but generally, angles are produced by high strength low alloy steel or hot-rolled carbon steel. Accordingly, you have mild carbon angle, high strength low alloy carbon angle etc. Based on the surface treatment angles can also be classified into hot-dip galvanized and painted or black (no treatment) category. Coatings are smeared on to the angles to enhance the critical temperature of steel. With a change in the composition of the alloy, the steel's thermal properties will also change. Carbon steels are generally used for constructional shapes plates, pipes, and tubing. High strength low alloy steels have the same uses in addition to being used for W shapes.

The process used for bending steel varies depending upon the requirements. Angled steel as mentioned above holds a place of significance in several constructions and engineering projects and hence the angle produced has to be the exact size. Various calculations are undertaken to ensure that the resultant product is of the desired quality.

The uses of stainless steel angles are listed below:

• Daily living items use: They are used in Day-to-Day items such as bed frames, benches, chairs, fencing posts, coffee tables, frames for supporting air conditioner etc.

• Supporting and constructional uses: The applications include bridges, shelves, warehouses, cable towers, communication towers, power towers, equipment etc.

The reliable performance and low cost of angles make it a popular component in all the applications. Quality considerations hold top importance in its manufacture. As it is widely used in many structural projects, lack of good quality products will diminish the life of the structure whereas angles of high quality and strength will ensure the durability of all the applications. Most of the constructional steel projects fail due to weak connections; like at places where a beam connects to a column or where the beam connects to a joist and so on. Therefore, choosing a reliable manufacturer is of supreme importance. A trustworthy store will stock varied sizes of unequal angles, stainless steel round bars, alloy steel plates and all other steel forms that are required for your structural and day to day projects.

Stainless steel plates also offer the advantage of high workability, that is, they can be easily used in machining, stamping, welding and fabricating. 

Valves: its types & Applications in Various Industries

Valves are one of the popular kinds of transportation across the world including pipelines. Generally, it works on the phenomenon of controlling the flow via pipes passageways by opening, closing or obstructing the pipe or passageway. Most valves are used on pipes as well as a number of the other major industries together with oil, gas, mining, water. Basically, valves are devices that are accustomed to regulating gases, liquids & slurries. you may be noticed that pipelines do transport large amounts of liquid & gas product often across the globe. While staying effective whole the time & the pipelines need to require special components of equipment so as to manage the flow of the product. This is the reason that the valves are for!

History of Valves- at a glance

To control the flow of water running out of the pipe around 4000 years ago, Chinese people arose with the conception of using cork or bamboo. With the emergence of the steamer, the valves became a vital tool in the niche of mechanical. There have been solely 2 forms of valves- Butterfly & Slide were utilized in order to regulate the flow of gas or liquid passing through them till that point. Later on, the advanced valves came into the limelight that's far more adaptable so as to work seamlessly in sophisticated work conditions.

Typically, the valve consists of various sub-parts. However, they do not just manage the flow of liquid or gas the pressure & direction of it. Valves are available in different materials like Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy, and PTFE Lined Valves.

Categories of Valves

There are six major classes of valves such as:

1.  Control

2.  Dividing

3.  Safety

4.  Check

5.  Multipurpose

6.  Cutoff

Types of Valves

These valves fall into the class of a basic one. Here is a large range of valves is available which comes with a completely different mechanism in conjunction with various purposes:

1.  Cock: this type of valve the flow is blocked by the conical plug.

2.  Butterfly: It comes with a disc that sits in the middle of the pipe as well as coupling sideways.

3.  Ball: as the name describes it embraces a metal ball that shifts positions so as to regulate the flow of liquids.

4.  Gate: this type of valve open lowering metal gates around them.

5.  Needle: It uses an extended sliding needle so as to control the flow of the product.

6.  Spool: usually, the valves are utilized in order to control the pressure in the hydraulic system.

7.  Others: Plug, Poppet, Globe, Pinch, etc.

Applications in Various Industries 

The industries like oil & gas proffer the opportunities to valve & automotive flanges manufacturers to create the product that meets the operational desires particularly when it involves ball & needle valves. Well, the demand has been unendingly increasing with the increase for the past years.

The leaders of oil & gas industries have a powerful tie-up with manufacturers & suppliers of the needle valve. Generally, the valves are used to defend equipment while controlling the product flow.

Why is copper a good conductor of heat?

In today’s era, nobody can live without electricity. It is the need of everyone in every part of the world in every corner. Each and everyone is associated to each and every field need electricity but have you ever wondered that how the electricity came into existence or more appropriately to say that how is the electricity present in all the corners of the world. Well, the basic cause is that we use the copper wire for the transmission of electricity. Thus copper is the greatest conductor of heat and electricity.

Now the question arises that why are we relying on copper? Well, we can say that all the metals present in nature are one way or the other very good conductors of heat. Some are very good some are a little bad. The metals are the solid chemical elements. To study the basic atomic structure of a specific metal atom, they have some of the valence electrons in their valence shell. The valence shell is the last shell of the atom. Every atom requires stable state at every state, to attain stability an atom needs to have eight electrons in its last shell.

The atoms either can lose some of the electrons for stability or they can just gain them so that they could attain the stable electronic configuration. The metals generally have one to four electrons in its valence shell. Thus they usually lose the electrons. The electrons are the negatively charged particles; due to this they usually give some additional charge to the substance. When a metal loses its electrons they will certainly heat up as there will be the increase of the free electrons. The free movements of electrons will certainly increase the heat and electricity conductivity.

The basic configuration of copper is:

Symbol: Cu

Atomic number: 29

Atomic mass: 63.54 AMU

Ionic charge: +3

Valency: 3

In the electricity applications, there is the number of copper uses. Most of the metals are considered as the very good conductors but copper is the best and it loses three electrons at the room temperature. All the copper atoms together can lose a very large number of electrons and thus can conduct the electricity in a huge amount. The copper is also a very cheap metal thus is used in all sort of applications. 

There are many of the applications of copper in the field of electricity:

•        Wiring of electricity at home, offices, schools, shops, malls, etc.

•        For the automated induction of electricity in the generators and invertors which are used in the cases of power cut and loss of electricity.

•        Used in the capacitors for the conduction of electricity in the batteries.

In the thermal heating process the copper is used as:

•        It is used in making the bottom surfaces of the utensils as it has the good heat conduction.

•        It is used for the heat exchanger in the hot water tanks.

•        This is also used as the heat sinks in the computers, the disk drives, the TVs sets, and many more things.

These are some of the uses of copper in the conduction of heat and electricity.

Stainless Steel Pipe types

Stainless steel is a flexible material comprised of a steel alloy and a small proportion of chromium—the addition of chromium adds to the material’s resistance to corrosion, an attribute that earned stainless-steel its name. Because stainless-steel is additionally low-maintenance, oxidization resistant, and doesn’t have an effect on other metals it comes in contact with, it’s oftentimes utilized in a large array of uses, particularly in piping and tubing manufacturing. Based on the end use of the pipe, stainless-steel piping is distinguished into many categories.

Stainless Steel Piping

Pipes and tubes are sometimes difficult to classify and have a tendency to be classified based on function. In addition to these classifications, stainless-steel is additionally distinguished by type and grade. For tubing and piping uses, type 304 stainless-steel is a common choice as a result of it’s extremely chemical and corrosion-resistant. However, stainless-steel 304 pipes aren’t compatible with uses wherever temperatures fall between 800 and 1640 degrees Fahrenheit (F) as a result of it is prone to carbide precipitation, a result of the material’s .08 % carbon content limit. Stainless-steel type 304L circumvents this problem because it’s a lower carbon content limit, and thus is subjected to welding and higher temperature uses. Alternative types of stainless-steel often possess additives (such as nickel or molybdenum) that strengthen traits that are fascinating above all uses.

Stainless Steel tube for General Corrosion-Resistance

This general category of steel is appropriate for uses that require resistance to corrosion on top of other traits. Ferritic or martensitic types of steel (those made with the most chromium) are manufactured to be either heat-treated or annealed. austenitic stainless steels (those with high chromium and nickel contents) give even extra resistance and can be used under constant general conditions as ferritic and martensitic types.

Stainless Steel Pressure Pipe

This type of stainless-steel pipe is formed from either solid chromium or a chromium and nickel combination. types of stainless-steel pressure pipe include seamless and welded pipe, electrical fusion welded pipe for hard-hitting uses, large diameter welded pipe for corrosive or high-temperature uses, and seamless and welded ferritic and austenitic stainless-steel pipe.

Stainless Steel sanitary tube
For uses where stainless-steel tube or piping comes in touch with food and other sensitive product, sanitation is a high priority. Stainless-steel sanitary tube is employed in such uses as a result of its high corrosion-resistance, doesn’t tarnish, and is simple to keep clean. For specific uses, different tolerances can be achieved. The grade typically used for these uses is ASTMA270.

Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing
In uses like cylinders, bearings, and other hollow formed components, stainless-steel mechanical tubing is usually used. Tubing can be manipulated to possess a range of cross-sectional shapes, like square and rectangular, additionally to the more traditional, round tubing cross-section.

Stainless Steel aircraft tubing

In highly-specific aircraft uses, chromium and nickel type stainless-steel is used as a result of their heat and corrosion-resistance. Found in uses that need high-strength, stainless-steel aircraft tubing is work-hardened or welded, although work-hardened pieces shouldn’t be used with some types of corrosive substances. Low-carbon types of stainless-steel are a standard choice for welded elements.

Aircraft Hydraulic-Line tubing

Another type of aircraft tubing is used in aerospace uses as fuel-injection lines and hydraulic systems and tends to be small. It is usually manufactured from stainless-steel 304L Tubing because of the steel’s high-strength, corrosion-resistance, and ductility.

Gasket and Its Types

A gasket might be defined as a flexible component that sits in-between two other surfaces generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression. Gaskets are commonly manufactured by cutting from sheet materials.

Types of Gasket

1)  Sheet gaskets

When a sheet of metal has the gasket shape "punched out" of it, it is a sheet gasket. These gaskets can fill various different chemical requirements based on the dormancy of the material used. Non-asbestos gasket sheet is longlasting, made of multiple materials, and thick in nature. Applications using sheet gaskets involve acids, corrosive chemicals, and steam. Flexibility and good recovery prevent breakage during installation of a sheet gasket.

2)  Solid material gaskets

The idea behind solid material is to use metals which can't be punched out of sheets, however, are still low-cost to manufacture. These gaskets typically have a {much|a way|a far} higher level of quality control than sheet gaskets and customarily can withstand much higher temperatures and pressures. The key drawback is that a solid metal must be greatly compressed so as to become flush with the flange head and stop leakage. the material choice is more difficult; because metals are primarily used, process contamination and oxidization are risks. a further drawback is that the metal used should be softer than the flange — so as to make sure that the flange doesn't warp and thereby stop sealing with future gaskets. Even so, these gaskets have found a distinct segment in the industry.

3)  Spiral-wound gaskets

Spiral-wound gaskets comprise a combination of metallic and filler material. Generally, the gasket features a metal wound outward in a circular spiral with the filler material wound in the same manner, however, ranging from the opposing side. This leads to alternating layers of filler and metal. The filler material in these gaskets acts as the sealing part, with the metal providing structural support.

These gaskets have evidenced to be reliable in most applications, and permit lower clamping forces than solid gaskets, albeit with a higher value.

4)  Kammprofile gaskets

Kammprofile gaskets are used in many older seals since they have both a flexible nature and steady performance. Kammprofile work by having a solid corrugated core with a flexible covering layer. This arrangement allows for very high contracting and an extremely tight seal along the ridges of the gasket. Since generally, the graphite will fail instead of the metal core, Kammprofile can be repaired during later inactivity. Kammprofile has a high capital cost for most applications but this is countered by long-lasting life and increased reliability.

5)  Fishbone Gaskets

Fishbone Gaskets are a direct substitute for Kammprofile and Spiral wound gaskets. They are fully CNC machine manufactured from similar materials but the design of the gaskets has eliminated inherent shortcomings. The rounded edges do not cause flange damage. The added "Stop Step" prevents the Fishbone gaskets from being over compressed/crushed, often caused by hot torque techniques on plant startup. The bones of the gasket remain ductile and adjust to thermal cycling and system pressure spikes resulting in a long-lasting and steady flange seal that outranges all other gaskets of this nature significantly.

6)  Flange gasket

A flange gasket is a type of gasket made to fit between two sections of pipe that are flared to provide a higher surface area.

Flange gaskets are available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are categorized by their inner and outside diameter.

 The gaskets for flanges can be divided into major 4 different categories:

1.   Sheet gaskets

2.   Corrugated metal gaskets

3.   Ring gaskets

4.   Spiral wound gaskets

Characteristics That Make Carbon Steel Pipe Great Industrial Products

Carbon steel is one of the most widely used materials in the manufacturing of industrial products. These products are used in a number of different sectors like mining, construction, and chemical industry. For example, the pipe made from the combination of carbon and steel are used for the transportation of oils, gases, and chemicals. Another good example is that of wires made from this material that is used in the automobile industry.

The carbon steel pipes have many favorable properties and characteristics. The manufacturers of these products customize these properties and characteristics according to the requirements of various industrial applications. It is good to know these products and their nature before selling them to different clients visiting your store.

Carbon steel is one material that can be customized into different varieties with the addition of carbon to different content values. For example, low content variety has a lower percentage of carbon and the high and ultra-high varieties have higher percentages of carbon. However, the most popular variety is one with a mild content of carbon mixed with steel. Pipes are made of different varieties of the material to entertain different needs.

A significant characteristic of carbon steel pipe is that they are highly durable. Their high strength makes them useful in long-term applications where frequent replacement is not desirable. These products are unbreakable and are treated in a number of different ways to render hardness.

The material is well-known for its ability to resist corrosion. The pipe made of the material can withstand adverse weather conditions and are not prone to damage. Moreover, these products are not damaged by the corrosive actions of acids, chemicals, and gases, making them even more suitable for different uses. High thermal resistance is another characteristic of these industrial products that add to their popularity.

Carbon steel pipes can be designed in different shapes and sizes with different dimensions. One good example is that of different diameters in which these products are made. This characteristic makes them useful for the purpose of transportation.

Going further, the manufacturers make these products with different levels of tensile strength to suit environmental conditions of different applications. Galvanization is another property which is used to make different varieties of carbon steel pipe.

Pipes, pipes fittings, washer and wires made of carbon steel are also well known for their low-cost installations. Moreover, these products are easy to clean and require little maintenance that further adds to their economic value. At a low price, these products offer performance much better than many other materials.

What are different types of carbon steel?

Carbon steel contains manganese and iron and it is considered to be one of the widely used steel metals. This is used for various construction processes and is known for its high-quality features. The word carbon steel may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel. In carbon steel, the higher carbon content is present and it is basically a combination of two elements, iron, and carbon. Other elements are present in very fewer quantities. It is basically a metal alloy that is made up of iron and carbon mixed together and the amount of carbon to the steel varies depending for which purpose the carbon steel is required.

Carbon steel is used for various fields for various purposes. It is used in applications such as aerospace, manufacturing, constructions, telecommunications, and more. To learn more about carbon steel and its types and usage, keep reading this article continue.

There are basically four types of carbon steel is available and which is based on the amount of carbon present in the alloy. Below are mentions the various types of carbon steel:

1.    Low carbon steel: it contains approximately 0.05% to 0.25% carbon content with up to 0.4% manganese. It is also known as mild carbon steel, it is low-cost material that is easy to shape, and the surface hardness can be increased by carburizing process.

2.    Medium carbon steel: it contains approximately 0.29% to0.54% carbon content with 0.60 to 1.65% manganese content. This type of carbon steel maintains ductility and strength and has good wear resistance.

3.    High carbon steel: it contains approximately 0.55% to 0.95% carbon content with 0.30 to 090% carbon content. It is very strong, used for springs and high-strength wires.

4.    Very high carbon steel: this type of carbon steel contains 0.96% to 2.1% carbon content; it is used to produce specific atomic and molecular microstructures.

Uses of carbon steels:-

·         Low carbon steel is transformed into flat-rolled sheets and strips, and used for shipbuilding, wire, vehicle bodies, and domestic appliances. It is widely used for fabrication, and paneling because it can’t be altered by heat treatment. It is also called wrought iron because it has the lowest amount of carbon, used for fencing, gates, and railings, hard but not brittle.

·         Medium carbon steel is a lot easier to the machine and adding some small amounts of silicon and manganese improves its quality. It is commonly used in buildings and bridges, axles, gears, shafts, rails, pipes, tubing and couplings, cars, fridges, and washing machines.

·         High carbon steel has much better tensile strength; it is used to make cutting tools, blades, punches, dies, springs and high – strength wires.

·         Ultra high carbon steel is brittle and very hard, and it cannot be cold work. It is used to make extremely hard components like blades, cutting tools and large machine parts, hot water radiators, industrial castings, and metal lamp posts.  It is also called cast iron and used to make old-fashioned cooking pots and utensils.

These are the types and usage of carbon steel and you can buy it as per your budget and requirement.

Why brass alloy is used for making bullets and weapons?

The brass bullet is generally considered to be better than the other cased bullets because it creates a chamber steel, thus you experienced less blowback into the chamber and the receiver. It is better at sealing action because it is more malleable, so it efficiently expands to more snugly fit the walls of the gun chamber. The gun throws back less gas and unburned powder every time when it's fired.

The brass has the softer property and it is more malleable, it can be easily reloaded. Brass can be reliably reshaped to its original dimensions. We can say that resizing of the gun case because gun folk is the simple and direct lot of the time. Practically, when you reload the bullets, this won't be much concern for you. For the high volume shooters and those who want to get the most bangs for their money, it is something that has to be considered. The brass has the excellent property of corrosion resistance and it is slicker. So while you find lots of brass bullets that are coated for more reliability, it is not necessary for most of the time.

Why only use brass bullets?

You may hear lots of opinions and controversies when it comes to choosing brass bullets than other alloy metal bullets. For example, most of the people think that steel bullets cause more fouling because of its lacquer coating and most of the breakdown occurred when shooting steel ammo. Brass is the mixture made alloy from zinc and copper. It is a good metal because when it is fired, it expands very quickly and shrinks back down rapidly. When it is fired off, the neck expands and seals the chamber and fewer malfunctions in occurred gunman.

Most of the guns are meant to design fire brass bullets for this reason brass performs accurately in the gun system.  Brass is more accurate than other bullets, due to its better seal on the chamber and creates less fouling. The main disadvantage of brass bullets are price, for those who are willing to buy bullets in the budget then it is going to be more expensive. It is primary case alloy for most of the bullets for a couple of reasons, some are given below:

•        These are soft enough  to expand and fill in a chamber

•        Not split during the fire

•        Does not harm the gun parts

•        Do not spark with other metal parts

•        It can be reloaded many times

There are numerous advantages of brass bullets, however, the large con of brass bullets is that they tarnish, especially when uses many times. Brass can be stored in harsh conditions and kept in leather holsters.

Advantages-

1.         The brass is more corrosion resistant
2.          It has the lower coefficient of friction, which allows slicker feeding in semi-auto guns
3.         Easier to sliding rounds on top of each other in the magazine
4.         It is easier to load and unload in each gun round
5.         Brass looks different, allows easier identification of brass at the range of a special load.

So these are the reasons why brass is good for making bullets and weapons.

What kind of body armor steel does the military use for body armor?

Armor steel and ballistic steel are designed for some wide variety of military specification and structural usage. These usages require the armor steel plate which is approved by all the military departments and agencies which are having the combat and the defense applications. These steel plates are being utilized in the manufacturing of vehicles. They are used to build the structural housing with the high protection which consists of armaments and other protective structures and varied applications.

How the armor for the military should be designed?

This is a very oblivious thing that the people in the military need full protection. Thus they require the best armor so that they can protect themselves from most of the dangers. The armor made from this steel is not just for the chest but also for the head, face, groin and other parts of the body. The major aspect of the military armor is that they do their job very properly. If a soldier is not having full protected body armor then they won't be able to perform well in the high-risk operations like the situations in the war zone. This will gradually be a loss for the country.

The body armor may seem like a little heavy and inflexible, in which the person won't be able to move properly. This will naturally result in extreme discomfort. The soldier's work is the hardest work; they have to work in the very hostile environment. It could be hot, it could be cold also it could be rainy or may be humid, but the soldiers have to still perform their duty. There could also be situations when they have to wear their armor for the whole time. Thus the military man needs his armor to be thinner, lighter, and comfortable but more importantly protected.

Most of the militaries minimize the cost of the armor by outsourcing the body armor researches to the manufactures of the armor. Different militaries have their own research department which is focused on body armor. Their research focuses on creating the armor that is compatible with the one carrying them. They have to make the ballistic steel armor plates thinner. This will reduce the cost which will certainly be manufactured with the multi-threat protection. The armors are very good for the combat attacks within the close quarter's weapons and also the protection from the explosives and fragmentations.

The militaries have to protect and prevent against a wide range of the attacks. More often they prevent extreme attacks which involve the high caliber. There may also be the piercing rounds which may be difficult for a person. These threats and attacks can only be ignored by wearing the hard armor which is made of the ceramic, steel and more specifically the titanium.

Along with the armor to be protected it should also be of the proper fitting and size. This is very true for the female soldiers. Most manufacturers made the armors made of armor steel and ballistic steel which are having the very good fitting.

Alloy Steels- Overview and the common uses of the Alloy Steels

Alloy steel is a kind of steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements. It weighs in between 1.0% and 50%. This is because the steel with this much weight consists of good mechanical properties. These are then further broken down and categorized as low alloy steels and high alloy steels. All steels are alloys but not all steels can be said as alloy steels. Some of the properties of alloy steels are:

•        Strength

•        Hardness

•        Toughness

•        Wear resistance

•        Corrosion resistance

•        Hardenability

•        Hot hardness

Alloy steels consist of one or more than one element excluding carbon such as manganese, nickel, copper etc. Actually, this steel creates an alloy with specific properties that are not found in carbon steels. These steels are used in industries widely due to their unique features like their low cost, extensive availability, ease of processing and other mechanical properties.

The commonly used elements are Aluminum in the range of 0.95-1.30%, Boron in the range of 0.001-0.003%, Chromium in the range of 0.5-18%, copper in the range of 0.1-0.4%, Lead, Manganese in the range of 0.25-13%, and Nickel in the range of 2-20%.

Alloy steels are divided into four classes-

1.       Structural steels- subjected to stresses in machine parts

2.       Tool and die steels

3.       Magnetic alloys

4.       Stainless and heat-resisting steels

These steels have become ubiquitous metals like stainless steel as they have their uses in everything from cookware to building arts. This alloy has various attributes due to which it is considered as very useful steel. It has an excellent shine, a surface that resists corrosion and rust, and it proves to be very durable under harsh conditions of weather.

Common uses of the Alloy steels:

There are many uses of this steel. Some of them are listed below that are very common.

Architecture: The alloy steel has been used in architecture for a long time. Some of the famous buildings have been made from this steel. Tons of corrosion resistant sheet metals are used to prevent the buildings from corrosion. It actually works. All the buildings that have been built using this steel create a luminescent, ever-shining façade. This is why these steels are used as they protect the buildings from being dull.

Household items: Stainless steel is used for everything when it comes to the household- from countertops to body jewelry- it covers everything. As this alloy resists staining and rust, this is considered as the best choice for household things. The pots and pans in the kitchen are mostly surrounded by the alloy steel protection to protect them from stains. This is because the items used for cookware should be beneficial in health, so rust is not allowed.

Artwork: Many artists have started using steel alloys for fine art pieces. These are used to create a canvas, a contemporary abstract art that is painted. Also, some of the statues have been made from this alloy steel so that they remain shiny always.

So, these are some common uses of alloy steels. These have made their place in the world of steels and are considered the best for many things.